Three Kings of Grand Seiko
4420-9000 & 44GS L.E 
Taro Tanaka, Seiko's first hired graduate of a College Design Program came up with design rules which eventually came to be known as the "Grammar of Design" at Seiko. He wanted Seiko watches to sparkle brilliantly when on display and without any distortions.
1. Perfectly flat surfaces and angles for cases, dials, hands, indexes
2. Two Dimensional faceted curves for the bezel
3. All distortion should be eliminated from the dial, hands, indexes and case, the finishing of the dial and case should be a mirror finish so it shines and sparkles
4. No more round cases, a unique case design
And which watch would be lucky enough to be the first to get the "Grammar of Design" treatment? The 44GS :-) (4420-9000) in 1967.
Only Grand and King Seiko's benefited from this as the new case design required very expensive and labour intensive polishing and finishing. This is what makes the 44GS so special along with it being the first Grand Seiko made by the Daini (now Seiko Instruments Shizukuishi) factory and the first time the GS logo appeared at 6.
The 44GS L.E brings all those special features back to us in 2013 and impeccable Zaratsu finishing in every way.
4520-8000 and Neuchatel & Geneva Observatory Competition 
Neuchatel Observatory
Geneva Observatory
Therefore entering into accuracy trials held by different Observatories in Switzerland was inevitable for Grand Seiko and both manufactures of Daini and Suwa would compete to outdo each other with the ultimate goal of being the first group under the Grand Seiko banner that created the most accurate watches in the world.
As per KIH's excellent article the "Grand Seiko VFA Story" regarding Grand Seiko's participation in the Accuracy Observatory Trials at Neuchatel and in 1968 in Geneva:
1964 Daini: Zero example evaluated*, Best of the submitted examples - 153th, award none
Suwa: Zero example evaluated, Best of the submitted examples 144th, award none
(Top: Zenith, Series (total of the best three examples) Top: Omega, Second: Omega)
1965 Daini: 2 examples evaluated, Best of the submitted examples - 124th, award Series 6th
Suwa: 1 example evaluated, Best of the submitted examples 125th, award none
(Top: Zenith, Series (total of the best three examples) Top: Zenith, Second: Omega)
1966 Daini: 23 examples evaluated, Best of the submitted examples - 9th , award Series 3rd
Suwa: 9 examples evaluated, Best of the submitted examples 104th, award Series 6th
(Top: Zenith, Series (total of the best three examples) Top: Omega, Second: Omega)
1967 Daini: 36 examples evaluated, Best of the submitted examples - 4th , award Series 2nd
Suwa: 26 examples evaluated, Best of the submitted examples 12th, award Series 3rd
(Top: Omega, Series (total of the best three examples) Top: Omega, Second: Daini SEIKO)
(*"evaluated" means the score was within 20th place (there were many same score examples).
1968 After Suwa submitted its competition examples, Neuchatel declared on 26th April, 198 that the Competition would be suspended (later it was announced that the SEIKO examples dominated the Competition by taking 2nd, and 4th to 8th places). So both SEIKO teams submitted to Geneva Observatory instead. Best of the submitted examples came 4th (1st to 3rd were quartz movements), in fact from 4th to 10th were all SEIKO, which means that SEIKO movements dominated from the Top to 7th place in the mechanical watch movement division. Total wrist watch division of course, 1st place.
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In just 4 years Seiko Suwa managed to move from 144th to 1st place. An astonishing feat by any standard.
Daini went on to further improve its movements and had 73 Cal. 4520 movements and 153 Cal. 4580 movements Certified by the Neuchatel Observatory which issued "Observatoire Astronomique et Chronometrique Bulletin de Marche" Certificates for each movement over the period from 1968 to 1970. Thereafter 73 of the Cal. 4520 movements were cased in Yellow Gold Cases known as the Seiko Astronomical Observatory and sold to the public in 1970 then for just USD 1,800 each.
Although a Period relevant design for me personally it is not to my taste and I much prefer the "Grammer of Design" inspired case of the 44GS and this is where the Grand Seiko 4520-8000 shines. The 4520-8000, made by Daini in 1968/69 has the same Calibre as in the Yellow Gold Seiko Astronomical Observatory watches with the pedigree of the award winning movements of the Neuchatel and Geneva Observatory trials. Making the 4520-8000 an important and very special model from Grand Seiko.
6186-8000 VFA (Very Finely Adjusted in Six Positions) & God of Adjustment
The Grand Seiko team at Suwa didn't stop in 1968 and say ok guys we've beaten the Swiss and now we should just chillax and take it easy but they kept pushing even further. It was to be the last Hurrah and the best Mechanical watch ever made by Grand Seiko and by the best engineers and craftsmen they had.
This is what makes the VFA so special. It reminds me that it's never over, even when you've achieved everything, you keep on persevering to be better.
What makes this particular VFA even more special is that it has been adjusted by a Master Watchmaker and Technician known in Japan as "God of Adjustment".
Mr. Akira Ohira was part of the team that restarted the Grand Seiko brand in 1997/98 and was responsible for assembling and adjustment of all the Grand Seiko pieces. When the VFA was sold in the early 1970s it was advertised to have an accuracy of +-3 seconds per day. I had the watch checked out by my watchmaker who is Swiss Trained by AP and JLC. He was very sceptical when I handed the VFA over to check out even though I told him the history of the watch and about Mr. Ohira. A week later he gave me the watch back saying the VFA astounded him and his colleagues. He couldn't believe it had a mean accuracy of + 1 second per day! He thought there was something wrong with his instrument so repeated the test on three different machines :-), a testament to amazing movement of the VFA and to the God of Adjustment to bring this level of performance out of a 41 year old watch.
S
Special Thanks, Credit and Picture Sources: KIH "Grand Seiko VFA Story" and Others, SJX, Ninja01 and Dr Seiko, A Journey in Time: The Remarkable Story of Seiko, Google Images
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http://forums.timezone.com/index.php?t=tree&goto=6614880&rid=0)
